William Shakespeare s Hamlet The Mystery Of Death Or...

The idea of madness in Shakespeare’s Hamlet is just as important of a theme as the mystery of death or the impossibility of certainty. Shakespeare uses the aspect of madness to delve into the issues of knowledge, and lack thereof. There are three apt examples which help explain on a deeper level how the issues of knowledge are represented in the madness of Hamlet, and also Ophelia. Firstly, Hamlet and the vast amount of knowledge he acquires, becomes uncertain and contradictory which inevitably leads him to lose his mind. There is also the possibility that his ‘antic disposition’ aided this downfall into delusion. Secondly, Ophelia, her lack of independence, and the circumstances that follow after she discovers that it is the love of her life who kills her father. And lastly, Shakespeare’s emphasis on surveillance cannot be ignored. Particularly with Hamlet, and the way attains information through eavesdropping leads to incorrect information and devastating results. Overall I think Shakespeare is clever in the way he uses madness as a medium to portray knowledge. It is commonly assumed that madness correlates with unintelligence because of the person in question being unable to portray their thoughts in a logical manner. It is refreshing to see a different perspective on the capability of madness. The first issue of knowledge is introduced in scene 1, act 5 when Hamlet speaks to the ghost who he believes to be his late father. He learns that it was his UncleShow MoreRelatedThe Tragedy Of Hamlet By William Shakespeare Essay822 Words   |  4 Pages1604, William Shakespeare finished one of the most famous plays of revenge in English history. This play has left a plethora of questions, most left unanswered even after the hundreds of scholars who have analyzed it. The complexity and multiple facades of the characters, the use of many themes, and the symbols in this play have been construed into a delicate tale; Shakespeare purposely left out many details in order to shroud this piece in mystery. In The Tragedy of Hamlet, Shakespeare s vagueRead MorePerfect Idealism In Shakespeares Hamlet1631 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction The play Hamlet is a fable of how the ghost of a slain king comes to haunt the living with disastrous consequences. A rancorous ghost and a brother s murder, lead the gloomy setting of Hamlet s Denmark. Hamlet story opens with an encounter between young Hamlet, his dad s ghost as well as the prince of Denmark. The ghost reveals to Hamlet that its murderer was his brother Claudius, who then rapidly wedded his widowed queen, Gertrude. As a result, the ghost presses Hamlet to seek vengeanceRead MoreThemes Of Hamlet Essay1782 Words   |  8 Pagesghost to his son, narrating him the circumstances of his death, and that his anticipation from his son to take revenge from Claudius for his death. KEYWORDS : fundamental , King Hamlet’s ghost , circumstances. THE IMPOSSIBILITY OF CERTAINTY What separates Hamlet from other revenge plays (and may be from every play written before it)is that the action we expect to see, particularly from Hamlet himself, is continually postponed while Hamlet tries to obtain more certain knowledge about what he isRead MoreWilliam Shakespeares Hamlet Essay3604 Words   |  15 PagesWilliam Shakespeares Hamlet Hamlet was written around the year 1600 in the final years of the reign of Queen Elizabeth I, who had been the monarch of England for more than forty years and was then in her late sixties. The prospect of Elizabeth’s death and the question of who would succeedRead Moreshakespeare influences16068 Words   |  65 Pagesï » ¿ RESEARCH TOPIC An Analytic Review Of Shakespearean Influence On Faulkner s Tragedy RESEARCH QUESTION How Shakespeare tragic patterns influenced on William Faulkner s writings? NAME: SYEDA AMBREEN FATIMA FATHER’S NAME: SYED HASAN AKHTER SEAT NO: 1315793 ENROLMENT NO: 2013/ENG/M.A(LIT)/15681 DATE OF SUBMISSION: 28TH NOV 2013 SUBMITTED TO: MISS SAMREENRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagesmanaging, organizing and reflecting on both formal and informal structures, and in this respect you will find this book timely, interesting and valuable. Peter Holdt Christensen, Associate Professor, Copenhagen Business School, Denmark McAuley et al.’s book is thought-provoking, witty and highly relevant for understanding contemporary organizational dilemmas. The book engages in an imaginative way with a wealth of organizational concepts and theories as well as provides insightful examples from the

Literary Devices In Hamlet - 844 Words

Shakespeares purpose is to show us the process that Hamlet goes through to make a decision, even if he still struggles with indecisiveness. Shakespeare isn’t talking about if Hamlet is making the right decision, but he focuses on how he always second guesses himself and overthinks. He used literary devices in Act II. Scene ii. Lines 525-584 like tone, imagery, foreshadowing, and ambiguity to convey his message in the writing. Hamlet always second guesses himself about if he should fulfill his fathers last wishes, Shakespeare uses tone to show us how Hamlet was feeling. In Act II. Scene ii. Line 571, he uses the words such as â€Å"Rogue and peasant slave am I!† and line 547, â€Å"Am I coward?† It shows us Hamlet doesn’t know if he really†¦show more content†¦This is almost out of character, just a few moments ago Hamlet was being hard on himself but now he is being cocky. Not only is he indecisive about his plan to kill Claudius, but then he also becomes insecure and depressive again. For example for lines 562-564, â€Å"Prompted to my revenge by heaven and hell, like a whore, unpack my heart with words and fall a-cursing like very drab,† Shakespeare uses imagery to show us Hamlet’s father wants revenge but Hamlet just sits around, does nothing, just thinking instead of actually doing something. Shakespeare is known for using foreshadowing, and ambiguity in many of his plays; for instance in lines 566-570, â€Å"Hum, I have heard that guilty creatures sitting at a play have, by the very cunning of the scene, been struck so to the soul that presently they have proclaimed their malefactions,† Shakespeare had Hamlet write a play, which was the exact way his father was murdered. Hamlet thought about this so much, he wants to know if Claudius really committed this crime, the artistry would make him confess. Which in Act III. Scene 2, Claudius gets up from the play, seeing his crime come to life. Also in line 563, â€Å"Like a whore, unpack my heart with words,† Hamlet calls Ophelia a whore in a later scene, and because Hamlet killed her father, Polonius, which made her insane. Ophelia used the words in Act IV. Scene 5. Lines 53-54, â€Å"Let in the maid that out a maid, never departed more,† andShow MoreRelatedEssay on Shakespeare: A Literary Grandmaster69 9 Words   |  3 Pagesand especially the king of England. Although an entertaining storyline does earn one respect as a writer/poet. It was Shakespeare’s masterful use of literary devices that garners the respect and acknowledgement of many modern day professors. In Act 3, Scene 1, Hamlet begins a soliloquy in which Shakespeare showcases his literary genius. A literary device that is often overlooked in the Early Modern period of Europe is the utilization of soliloquys to give insight to a character’s inner thoughts. PerhapsRead MoreHamlet: Analytical Essay About Style834 Words   |  4 PagesHamlet has style. Hamlet as in the play, not the character, and style not in terms of fashion and knowing how to dress, but as in the combination of different literary elements in order to capture that certain elegance in one’s writing. Shakespeare implements these various literary devices for the purpose of enhancing his writing, typically to emphasize a specific point or to set a certain mood for a scene. In passages that are important in the play there are usually an abundance of these devicesRead MoreTheme Of Irony In Hamlet732 Words   |  3 PagesIrony is a literary device that signifies the opposite of its intended meaning. It is used for humorous or emphatic effect. A rhetorical device that conveys a message that is clear to the audience but unknown to the character. There are three types of irony which include: 1). Dramatic irony : Occurs when the audience knows something that the characters do not. 2). Situational irony : Occurrence of unintended circumstances of events. 3). Verbal irony: Occurs when the speaker says the opposite ofRead MoreLiterary Techniques Of Hamlet By William Shakespeare1700 Words   |  7 Pages In the literary masterpiece Hamlet by William Shakespeare, the use of literary techniques contributes significantly to the development of the theme. The story of Hamlet belongs to a tradition of revenge tragedies that were familiar to the Elizabethan audiences. The theme of the play is: when one’s actions are tainted with corruption, their actions can result in others seeking revenge for the pleasures of gratification. The literary technique of parallelism contributes to the developmentRead MoreHamlets Loss of Faith1323 Words   |  6 PagesThere comes a time in one’s life when he loses faith in his beliefs or in his relationships. In Shakespeare’s play, Hamlet, Hamlet’s uncle Claudius, murders Hamlet’s father to inherit the crown of Denmark and the love of Hamlet’s mother, Gertrude. Throughout the play there are six soliloquies that reveal the character of Hamlet and others. In more than any other Shakespearean play, the audience is painted a better picture of Hamlet’s mind. Shakespeare questions the social and Christian institutionsRead MoreWilliam Shakespeares Hamlet1172 Words   |  5 PagesHamlet is a complex story that uses many literary devices to help develop the characters in Hamlet. One dominant device is irony. The main plot of the story revolves around irony. Hamlet is a witty character and loves to use irony. Hamlet’s use of irony displays how he insults people, discovers useful information, and reveals his true character. The use of irony in this story helps to add depth to each character, which is why Hamlet is one of Shakespeare’s most complex stories. There are three typesRead MoreHamlet Needs Horatio and Ophelia Essay1326 Words   |  6 Pagesfor Hamlet, the person to whom Hamlet can discuss his course of action and act like his true self. Ophelia, however, has a major role that is not initially evident. She is the embodiment of how Hamlets opinion of women changes throughout the play. These two characters have drastically different roles, but both are vital to the success of Hamlet. In Hamlet, Shakespeare develops the character of Hamlet through numerous soliloquies and long speeches. Not only is the use of these literary devicesRead MoreScarface And Hamlet1434 Words   |  6 PagesScarface (1983) written by Oliver Stone and Hamlet (1599-1602) written by William Shakespeare share and explore the themes of what the inability to regulate emotions can cause in a person and their surrounding environments, even if they differ dramatically. Although Tony Montana’s and Hamlet’s desires and backgrounds serve as different purposes in their journeys, they both encounter and exhibit the use of deceiving behaviours, have trust issues with the woman they love and both question the pointRead MoreScarface And Hamlet1435 Words   |  6 PagesOliver Stone’s Scarface and William Shakespeare’s Hamlet are thematically linked in characterisation. The inability to control emotions are both apparent with Tony Montana and Hamlet. They have a tendency to g et mad, especially when Tony and Hamlet catch the women they believed to be pure betraying their trust. Often, they will both exhibit the use of deceiving behaviours to fool others around them to try and cover more profound intentions. Although Tony Montana’s and Hamlet’s desires differ inRead MoreThe Tragic Flaw Of Shakespeare s Hamlet1399 Words   |  6 PagesShakespeare’s Hamlet is a moral that rings true today: do not involve others with your own problems. In Hamlet, Shakespeare s utilization of hamartia and tragedy brings the overall moral into light in a dramatized manner. The two are especially prominent near the climax and finale of the play. Hamartia appears first, as it deals with the leading male of the story, and actually aids in the deliverance of tragedy in the final scene of Act V. Hamartia is a literary device Shakespeare uses in Hamlet; the main

The Key Changes in Privacy Act 1988-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Key Changes in Privacy Act 1988 and how these Changes affect the National and Overseas Organization. Answer: Introduction: The privacy Act 1988 (Privacy Act) provide protection to the personal information. Personal information is considered as information which can identify the person, such as name, address, Phone number, date of birth, records related to medical, bank account details, and opinions related to the person. There are number of amendments related to the Privacy Act and these amendments are introduced on 12th March 2014. It states the new set of Australian Privacy Principles (APPs), and these principles define the procedure through which information is handled by private sector organizations and Australian Government agencies. It also includes the changes related to the collection and use of credit information, and imposed various new powers in the Office of the Australian Information Commissioner (OAIC) for the purpose of resolving privacy complaints and investigations. This paper contains the discussion on National and overseas effects of the new privacy Act. In this, a provision related to privacy Act of other countries is also discussed. Lastly, paper is concluded with brief conclusion. National and overseas effects of the new privacy Act: Key changes: Amendments made by government in the Privacy Act include various new provisions and obligations in terms of corresponding compliance. Two parts of the Act are completely changed by these new amendments. Provisions of Privacy Act in relation to credit reporting are completely replaced by new credit provisions. Numbers of important changes are introduced in the current framework such as policy related to the credit information, collection and recording of information related to credit, and disclosure of such information to overseas entities. It is necessary for those retail businesses that issue credit cards, banks, business organizations which substantially involve the provision related to the credit, those suppliers which supplies goods and services on credit payment/terms, equipment lessors, and credit providers to follow this new framework. This framework was amended on the basis of revised Credit Reporting Privacy Code developed by Australian Retail Credit Association, and it was registered by the Australian Privacy Commissioner (Commissioner) (Goblin, 2014). It must be noted that credit reporting provisions under the privacy Act states various types of credit providers which includes banks and retailers. However, maximum organization can be considered as: Agent of credit provider which helps the credit provider in processing the application for credit. Organization is considered as credit provider if it allows the client to defer the repayment of the cost in relation of goods purchased by client or services provided to the client for the period of seven days. It is very important for organizations to ensure that their privacy policy, credit reporting policy, and collection statements provide details of the actual management of the personal information in context of that organization. Documentation related to privacy compliance must be reflective in nature for the purpose of collection, uses, storage, disclosures, access and correction of the personal information. However, the main legal risk related to an organization is occurred because of the statements included by organization in the privacy compliance document, and these risks arise because there is misalignment of privacy policy with the actual practices of the organization. Therefore, it is clear that noncompliance and liability on organization arise because organization fails to fulfill its promises (Delaney Davis, 2014). It must be noted that these key changes are mainly reflected by the APP1 and APP5 that is privacy policy and notification obligations respectively. These standards impose higher burden on business organizations to institute practices, procedures and policies which ensure privacy protection. It also includes procedures related to inquiries and complaints in regards of organization compliance with the APPs. It must be noted that privacy policy must be transparent, accessible to the public, and must be available for free of charge. Following are some details stated below which must be included in the privacy policy of the organization: Particular type of personal information which is collected and holds by the organization, and method for the purpose of collection and holding such information. Policy must state the primary and secondary purpose for which such information is collected, hold, and disclosed by the organization. Method through which individual access his personal information and how changes can be made by the individual in such information. Procedure related to the complaint in case of breach of the APPs or an applicable registered APP code; and how organization deals with complaint made by individual. Other changes: Some other changes are also stated below which affect the working and obligations of organizations at both national and overseas: APP2- this standard provides that when there is no obligation on individual to disclose their identity then such individual can use a pseudonym. Previously individuals only have option of anonymity. APP4- this standard provides that in case organization receives any information through unsolicited means and it is not possible for organization to receive that information through solicited means then it is the obligation of organization to destroy that information. APP7- this standard increases the requirements for consent of informed user in relation to direct marketing. Organizations must ensure simple ways through which individual can place request for not receiving direct marketing and also for making request that personal information of the individual is not given to any third party for the similar purpose (OAIC, 2014). Overseas effect: Section 16C and APP8 that is disclosure to overseas entities are considered as the most controversial and least understood change. It must be noted that above stated changes mainly impact the organizations working at national level, but this change impacts the organization working at overseas. APP8 set out the new principal of accountability and states that if any organization works in Australia wants to disclose personal information to an overseas entity then it is the duty of Australian organization to take such steps which ensures that overseas entity to which such information is disclosed must compiled with the APP standards. Personal information disclosures also include provision related to electronic viewing access, and it is not necessary that there must be physical transfer of data. In case overseas organization fails to comply with the APP standards in respect of personal information, then Australian organization is accountable and liable under section 16C in such manner as Australian organization failed to compile with the Privacy Act. Therefore, it is necessary for those organizations which provide personal information to overseas organization to consider contractual binding on those overseas entities for the purpose of complying with the new legislation and privacy policy of Australian organization. It also includes implementing the safeguards related to the privacy policy, legal exposure of the Australian organization in case overseas organization breaches the contract and fails to implement those safeguards (OAIC, 2015). This can be understood through example in relation to Foreign IT suppliers, as per this IT suppliers are also bound by the privacy Act of Australia if they conduct any activity in the Australia. Even activities conducted by the suppliers outside the Australia then also they are covered by this Act if (Corrs, 2017): Suppliers carry their business in Australia or They collect and hold the personal information in Australia or They receive personal information from Australian organization. For the above stated provisions, those organizations which are not physically present in the Australia but collect information from people through their online presence will be considered as organization which carries business in Australia. In other words, if any organization working at overseas collects any personal information from people in Australia through online source are bound by the Privacy Act of Australia. Powers of commissioner its effect: From March 2014, new amendments enhanced the power of the commissioner in relation to investigation and enforcement. Various new powers are imposed such as commissioner has right to get injunction from the Court against any person and organization which contravenes the provisions of the Privacy Act, obtain enforcement undertakings by that person which breached the privacy Act. Commissioner can also seek penalty orders from Federal Court of civil if there is any serious breach. Enhanced powers of commissioner impact both national and overseas organizations in following manner: Seeking permission- at the time of privacy reform process, complete banking sector and especially Australia and New Zealand Banking Group Limited (ANZ) show their concerns in relation to the changes occurred in principal of cross border disclosure and its impact on international operations of the banks. After the introduction of APP8 both ANZ and the Reserve Bank of Australia make application to the commissioner under public interest determinations for the purpose of allowing them and other authorized deposit taking institutions to disclose the personal information related to the beneficiary of an IMT to an overseas financial institution while processing the IMT. The actual concern in relation to that application was that because of the increased complication in international transfer system and practices conducted by overseas organizations, it is necessary to disclose the personal information beyond the permission granted by APP8. In this situation two determinations are made by Commissioner under public interest, and one determination is specifically relates with the ANZ and second for remaining banking industry. Commissioner stated that while disclosing the personal information of the beneficiary in case of IMT, ADI will not be held responsible for APP breaches on behalf of overseas organizations (Macor, 2014). Comparison with other country: it must be noted that provisions of privacy law vary country to country. This can be understood through example; it is very simple for US based companies to collect data from users in the EU. In EU strict data privacy laws are applicable if any organization is certified under a program called Safe Harbor. But few years before, safe harbor program was declared invalid by EU. As per Kate Lucente, attorney of US who works with the issues of data privacy it is necessary for companies to ensure some back up mechanism for the purpose of making data transfer legal. It is clear that there is huge difference between the countries privacy law and every country makes their laws as per issues addressed by them in relation to data privacy. Conclusion: This paper states the Key changes of privacy Act and how these changes affect the national and overseas organization. various important changes are stated in this paper such as Provisions of Privacy Act in relation to credit reporting are completely replaced by new credit provisions, enhanced powers of commissioner and how these powers affect the banking industry, information disclose to overseas organization, etc. This new privacy Act ensures protection of personal information of individuals and ensures data safety. References: Corrs, (2017). Major Changes To Australia's Privacy Act: Why They Matter For Foreign It Suppliers Doing Business In Australia. Viewed at: https://www.corrs.com.au/thinking/insights/major-changes-to-australias-privacy-act-why-they-matter-for-foreign-it-suppliers-doing-business-in-australia/. Accessed on 25th August 2017. Delaney, H. Davis, M. Privacy Act: Are you compliant. Viewed at: https://www.findlaw.com.au/articles/5617/privacy-act-are-you-compliant.aspx. Accessed on 25th August 2017. Macor, N. (2014). The New Privacy Act: Six Months On. Viewed at: https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/CommsLawB/2014/16.pdf. Accessed on 25th August 2017. OAIC, (2014). Privacy fact sheet 24: How changes to privacy law affect you. Viewed at: https://www.oaic.gov.au/individuals/privacy-fact-sheets/general/privacy-fact-sheet-24-how-changes-to-privacy-law-affect-you. Accessed on 25th August 2017. OAIC, (2015). Cross-border disclosure of personal information. Viewed at: https://www.oaic.gov.au/agencies-and-organisations/app-guidelines/chapter-8-app-8-cross-border-disclosure-of-personal-information. Accessed on 25th August 2017. Tobin, G. (2014). Privacy law in Australia: an overview. Viewed at: https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=f508c927-860b-43a4-832a-aabea4169037. Accessed on 25th August 2017.

The Key Changes in Privacy Act 1988-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Key Changes in Privacy Act 1988 and how these Changes affect the National and Overseas Organization. Answer: Introduction: The privacy Act 1988 (Privacy Act) provide protection to the personal information. Personal information is considered as information which can identify the person, such as name, address, Phone number, date of birth, records related to medical, bank account details, and opinions related to the person. There are number of amendments related to the Privacy Act and these amendments are introduced on 12th March 2014. It states the new set of Australian Privacy Principles (APPs), and these principles define the procedure through which information is handled by private sector organizations and Australian Government agencies. It also includes the changes related to the collection and use of credit information, and imposed various new powers in the Office of the Australian Information Commissioner (OAIC) for the purpose of resolving privacy complaints and investigations. This paper contains the discussion on National and overseas effects of the new privacy Act. In this, a provision related to privacy Act of other countries is also discussed. Lastly, paper is concluded with brief conclusion. National and overseas effects of the new privacy Act: Key changes: Amendments made by government in the Privacy Act include various new provisions and obligations in terms of corresponding compliance. Two parts of the Act are completely changed by these new amendments. Provisions of Privacy Act in relation to credit reporting are completely replaced by new credit provisions. Numbers of important changes are introduced in the current framework such as policy related to the credit information, collection and recording of information related to credit, and disclosure of such information to overseas entities. It is necessary for those retail businesses that issue credit cards, banks, business organizations which substantially involve the provision related to the credit, those suppliers which supplies goods and services on credit payment/terms, equipment lessors, and credit providers to follow this new framework. This framework was amended on the basis of revised Credit Reporting Privacy Code developed by Australian Retail Credit Association, and it was registered by the Australian Privacy Commissioner (Commissioner) (Goblin, 2014). It must be noted that credit reporting provisions under the privacy Act states various types of credit providers which includes banks and retailers. However, maximum organization can be considered as: Agent of credit provider which helps the credit provider in processing the application for credit. Organization is considered as credit provider if it allows the client to defer the repayment of the cost in relation of goods purchased by client or services provided to the client for the period of seven days. It is very important for organizations to ensure that their privacy policy, credit reporting policy, and collection statements provide details of the actual management of the personal information in context of that organization. Documentation related to privacy compliance must be reflective in nature for the purpose of collection, uses, storage, disclosures, access and correction of the personal information. However, the main legal risk related to an organization is occurred because of the statements included by organization in the privacy compliance document, and these risks arise because there is misalignment of privacy policy with the actual practices of the organization. Therefore, it is clear that noncompliance and liability on organization arise because organization fails to fulfill its promises (Delaney Davis, 2014). It must be noted that these key changes are mainly reflected by the APP1 and APP5 that is privacy policy and notification obligations respectively. These standards impose higher burden on business organizations to institute practices, procedures and policies which ensure privacy protection. It also includes procedures related to inquiries and complaints in regards of organization compliance with the APPs. It must be noted that privacy policy must be transparent, accessible to the public, and must be available for free of charge. Following are some details stated below which must be included in the privacy policy of the organization: Particular type of personal information which is collected and holds by the organization, and method for the purpose of collection and holding such information. Policy must state the primary and secondary purpose for which such information is collected, hold, and disclosed by the organization. Method through which individual access his personal information and how changes can be made by the individual in such information. Procedure related to the complaint in case of breach of the APPs or an applicable registered APP code; and how organization deals with complaint made by individual. Other changes: Some other changes are also stated below which affect the working and obligations of organizations at both national and overseas: APP2- this standard provides that when there is no obligation on individual to disclose their identity then such individual can use a pseudonym. Previously individuals only have option of anonymity. APP4- this standard provides that in case organization receives any information through unsolicited means and it is not possible for organization to receive that information through solicited means then it is the obligation of organization to destroy that information. APP7- this standard increases the requirements for consent of informed user in relation to direct marketing. Organizations must ensure simple ways through which individual can place request for not receiving direct marketing and also for making request that personal information of the individual is not given to any third party for the similar purpose (OAIC, 2014). Overseas effect: Section 16C and APP8 that is disclosure to overseas entities are considered as the most controversial and least understood change. It must be noted that above stated changes mainly impact the organizations working at national level, but this change impacts the organization working at overseas. APP8 set out the new principal of accountability and states that if any organization works in Australia wants to disclose personal information to an overseas entity then it is the duty of Australian organization to take such steps which ensures that overseas entity to which such information is disclosed must compiled with the APP standards. Personal information disclosures also include provision related to electronic viewing access, and it is not necessary that there must be physical transfer of data. In case overseas organization fails to comply with the APP standards in respect of personal information, then Australian organization is accountable and liable under section 16C in such manner as Australian organization failed to compile with the Privacy Act. Therefore, it is necessary for those organizations which provide personal information to overseas organization to consider contractual binding on those overseas entities for the purpose of complying with the new legislation and privacy policy of Australian organization. It also includes implementing the safeguards related to the privacy policy, legal exposure of the Australian organization in case overseas organization breaches the contract and fails to implement those safeguards (OAIC, 2015). This can be understood through example in relation to Foreign IT suppliers, as per this IT suppliers are also bound by the privacy Act of Australia if they conduct any activity in the Australia. Even activities conducted by the suppliers outside the Australia then also they are covered by this Act if (Corrs, 2017): Suppliers carry their business in Australia or They collect and hold the personal information in Australia or They receive personal information from Australian organization. For the above stated provisions, those organizations which are not physically present in the Australia but collect information from people through their online presence will be considered as organization which carries business in Australia. In other words, if any organization working at overseas collects any personal information from people in Australia through online source are bound by the Privacy Act of Australia. Powers of commissioner its effect: From March 2014, new amendments enhanced the power of the commissioner in relation to investigation and enforcement. Various new powers are imposed such as commissioner has right to get injunction from the Court against any person and organization which contravenes the provisions of the Privacy Act, obtain enforcement undertakings by that person which breached the privacy Act. Commissioner can also seek penalty orders from Federal Court of civil if there is any serious breach. Enhanced powers of commissioner impact both national and overseas organizations in following manner: Seeking permission- at the time of privacy reform process, complete banking sector and especially Australia and New Zealand Banking Group Limited (ANZ) show their concerns in relation to the changes occurred in principal of cross border disclosure and its impact on international operations of the banks. After the introduction of APP8 both ANZ and the Reserve Bank of Australia make application to the commissioner under public interest determinations for the purpose of allowing them and other authorized deposit taking institutions to disclose the personal information related to the beneficiary of an IMT to an overseas financial institution while processing the IMT. The actual concern in relation to that application was that because of the increased complication in international transfer system and practices conducted by overseas organizations, it is necessary to disclose the personal information beyond the permission granted by APP8. In this situation two determinations are made by Commissioner under public interest, and one determination is specifically relates with the ANZ and second for remaining banking industry. Commissioner stated that while disclosing the personal information of the beneficiary in case of IMT, ADI will not be held responsible for APP breaches on behalf of overseas organizations (Macor, 2014). Comparison with other country: it must be noted that provisions of privacy law vary country to country. This can be understood through example; it is very simple for US based companies to collect data from users in the EU. In EU strict data privacy laws are applicable if any organization is certified under a program called Safe Harbor. But few years before, safe harbor program was declared invalid by EU. As per Kate Lucente, attorney of US who works with the issues of data privacy it is necessary for companies to ensure some back up mechanism for the purpose of making data transfer legal. It is clear that there is huge difference between the countries privacy law and every country makes their laws as per issues addressed by them in relation to data privacy. Conclusion: This paper states the Key changes of privacy Act and how these changes affect the national and overseas organization. various important changes are stated in this paper such as Provisions of Privacy Act in relation to credit reporting are completely replaced by new credit provisions, enhanced powers of commissioner and how these powers affect the banking industry, information disclose to overseas organization, etc. This new privacy Act ensures protection of personal information of individuals and ensures data safety. References: Corrs, (2017). Major Changes To Australia's Privacy Act: Why They Matter For Foreign It Suppliers Doing Business In Australia. Viewed at: https://www.corrs.com.au/thinking/insights/major-changes-to-australias-privacy-act-why-they-matter-for-foreign-it-suppliers-doing-business-in-australia/. Accessed on 25th August 2017. Delaney, H. Davis, M. Privacy Act: Are you compliant. Viewed at: https://www.findlaw.com.au/articles/5617/privacy-act-are-you-compliant.aspx. Accessed on 25th August 2017. Macor, N. (2014). The New Privacy Act: Six Months On. Viewed at: https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/CommsLawB/2014/16.pdf. Accessed on 25th August 2017. OAIC, (2014). Privacy fact sheet 24: How changes to privacy law affect you. Viewed at: https://www.oaic.gov.au/individuals/privacy-fact-sheets/general/privacy-fact-sheet-24-how-changes-to-privacy-law-affect-you. Accessed on 25th August 2017. OAIC, (2015). Cross-border disclosure of personal information. Viewed at: https://www.oaic.gov.au/agencies-and-organisations/app-guidelines/chapter-8-app-8-cross-border-disclosure-of-personal-information. Accessed on 25th August 2017. Tobin, G. (2014). Privacy law in Australia: an overview. Viewed at: https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=f508c927-860b-43a4-832a-aabea4169037. Accessed on 25th August 2017.

The Key Changes in Privacy Act 1988-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Key Changes in Privacy Act 1988 and how these Changes affect the National and Overseas Organization. Answer: Introduction: The privacy Act 1988 (Privacy Act) provide protection to the personal information. Personal information is considered as information which can identify the person, such as name, address, Phone number, date of birth, records related to medical, bank account details, and opinions related to the person. There are number of amendments related to the Privacy Act and these amendments are introduced on 12th March 2014. It states the new set of Australian Privacy Principles (APPs), and these principles define the procedure through which information is handled by private sector organizations and Australian Government agencies. It also includes the changes related to the collection and use of credit information, and imposed various new powers in the Office of the Australian Information Commissioner (OAIC) for the purpose of resolving privacy complaints and investigations. This paper contains the discussion on National and overseas effects of the new privacy Act. In this, a provision related to privacy Act of other countries is also discussed. Lastly, paper is concluded with brief conclusion. National and overseas effects of the new privacy Act: Key changes: Amendments made by government in the Privacy Act include various new provisions and obligations in terms of corresponding compliance. Two parts of the Act are completely changed by these new amendments. Provisions of Privacy Act in relation to credit reporting are completely replaced by new credit provisions. Numbers of important changes are introduced in the current framework such as policy related to the credit information, collection and recording of information related to credit, and disclosure of such information to overseas entities. It is necessary for those retail businesses that issue credit cards, banks, business organizations which substantially involve the provision related to the credit, those suppliers which supplies goods and services on credit payment/terms, equipment lessors, and credit providers to follow this new framework. This framework was amended on the basis of revised Credit Reporting Privacy Code developed by Australian Retail Credit Association, and it was registered by the Australian Privacy Commissioner (Commissioner) (Goblin, 2014). It must be noted that credit reporting provisions under the privacy Act states various types of credit providers which includes banks and retailers. However, maximum organization can be considered as: Agent of credit provider which helps the credit provider in processing the application for credit. Organization is considered as credit provider if it allows the client to defer the repayment of the cost in relation of goods purchased by client or services provided to the client for the period of seven days. It is very important for organizations to ensure that their privacy policy, credit reporting policy, and collection statements provide details of the actual management of the personal information in context of that organization. Documentation related to privacy compliance must be reflective in nature for the purpose of collection, uses, storage, disclosures, access and correction of the personal information. However, the main legal risk related to an organization is occurred because of the statements included by organization in the privacy compliance document, and these risks arise because there is misalignment of privacy policy with the actual practices of the organization. Therefore, it is clear that noncompliance and liability on organization arise because organization fails to fulfill its promises (Delaney Davis, 2014). It must be noted that these key changes are mainly reflected by the APP1 and APP5 that is privacy policy and notification obligations respectively. These standards impose higher burden on business organizations to institute practices, procedures and policies which ensure privacy protection. It also includes procedures related to inquiries and complaints in regards of organization compliance with the APPs. It must be noted that privacy policy must be transparent, accessible to the public, and must be available for free of charge. Following are some details stated below which must be included in the privacy policy of the organization: Particular type of personal information which is collected and holds by the organization, and method for the purpose of collection and holding such information. Policy must state the primary and secondary purpose for which such information is collected, hold, and disclosed by the organization. Method through which individual access his personal information and how changes can be made by the individual in such information. Procedure related to the complaint in case of breach of the APPs or an applicable registered APP code; and how organization deals with complaint made by individual. Other changes: Some other changes are also stated below which affect the working and obligations of organizations at both national and overseas: APP2- this standard provides that when there is no obligation on individual to disclose their identity then such individual can use a pseudonym. Previously individuals only have option of anonymity. APP4- this standard provides that in case organization receives any information through unsolicited means and it is not possible for organization to receive that information through solicited means then it is the obligation of organization to destroy that information. APP7- this standard increases the requirements for consent of informed user in relation to direct marketing. Organizations must ensure simple ways through which individual can place request for not receiving direct marketing and also for making request that personal information of the individual is not given to any third party for the similar purpose (OAIC, 2014). Overseas effect: Section 16C and APP8 that is disclosure to overseas entities are considered as the most controversial and least understood change. It must be noted that above stated changes mainly impact the organizations working at national level, but this change impacts the organization working at overseas. APP8 set out the new principal of accountability and states that if any organization works in Australia wants to disclose personal information to an overseas entity then it is the duty of Australian organization to take such steps which ensures that overseas entity to which such information is disclosed must compiled with the APP standards. Personal information disclosures also include provision related to electronic viewing access, and it is not necessary that there must be physical transfer of data. In case overseas organization fails to comply with the APP standards in respect of personal information, then Australian organization is accountable and liable under section 16C in such manner as Australian organization failed to compile with the Privacy Act. Therefore, it is necessary for those organizations which provide personal information to overseas organization to consider contractual binding on those overseas entities for the purpose of complying with the new legislation and privacy policy of Australian organization. It also includes implementing the safeguards related to the privacy policy, legal exposure of the Australian organization in case overseas organization breaches the contract and fails to implement those safeguards (OAIC, 2015). This can be understood through example in relation to Foreign IT suppliers, as per this IT suppliers are also bound by the privacy Act of Australia if they conduct any activity in the Australia. Even activities conducted by the suppliers outside the Australia then also they are covered by this Act if (Corrs, 2017): Suppliers carry their business in Australia or They collect and hold the personal information in Australia or They receive personal information from Australian organization. For the above stated provisions, those organizations which are not physically present in the Australia but collect information from people through their online presence will be considered as organization which carries business in Australia. In other words, if any organization working at overseas collects any personal information from people in Australia through online source are bound by the Privacy Act of Australia. Powers of commissioner its effect: From March 2014, new amendments enhanced the power of the commissioner in relation to investigation and enforcement. Various new powers are imposed such as commissioner has right to get injunction from the Court against any person and organization which contravenes the provisions of the Privacy Act, obtain enforcement undertakings by that person which breached the privacy Act. Commissioner can also seek penalty orders from Federal Court of civil if there is any serious breach. Enhanced powers of commissioner impact both national and overseas organizations in following manner: Seeking permission- at the time of privacy reform process, complete banking sector and especially Australia and New Zealand Banking Group Limited (ANZ) show their concerns in relation to the changes occurred in principal of cross border disclosure and its impact on international operations of the banks. After the introduction of APP8 both ANZ and the Reserve Bank of Australia make application to the commissioner under public interest determinations for the purpose of allowing them and other authorized deposit taking institutions to disclose the personal information related to the beneficiary of an IMT to an overseas financial institution while processing the IMT. The actual concern in relation to that application was that because of the increased complication in international transfer system and practices conducted by overseas organizations, it is necessary to disclose the personal information beyond the permission granted by APP8. In this situation two determinations are made by Commissioner under public interest, and one determination is specifically relates with the ANZ and second for remaining banking industry. Commissioner stated that while disclosing the personal information of the beneficiary in case of IMT, ADI will not be held responsible for APP breaches on behalf of overseas organizations (Macor, 2014). Comparison with other country: it must be noted that provisions of privacy law vary country to country. This can be understood through example; it is very simple for US based companies to collect data from users in the EU. In EU strict data privacy laws are applicable if any organization is certified under a program called Safe Harbor. But few years before, safe harbor program was declared invalid by EU. As per Kate Lucente, attorney of US who works with the issues of data privacy it is necessary for companies to ensure some back up mechanism for the purpose of making data transfer legal. It is clear that there is huge difference between the countries privacy law and every country makes their laws as per issues addressed by them in relation to data privacy. Conclusion: This paper states the Key changes of privacy Act and how these changes affect the national and overseas organization. various important changes are stated in this paper such as Provisions of Privacy Act in relation to credit reporting are completely replaced by new credit provisions, enhanced powers of commissioner and how these powers affect the banking industry, information disclose to overseas organization, etc. This new privacy Act ensures protection of personal information of individuals and ensures data safety. References: Corrs, (2017). Major Changes To Australia's Privacy Act: Why They Matter For Foreign It Suppliers Doing Business In Australia. Viewed at: https://www.corrs.com.au/thinking/insights/major-changes-to-australias-privacy-act-why-they-matter-for-foreign-it-suppliers-doing-business-in-australia/. Accessed on 25th August 2017. Delaney, H. Davis, M. Privacy Act: Are you compliant. Viewed at: https://www.findlaw.com.au/articles/5617/privacy-act-are-you-compliant.aspx. Accessed on 25th August 2017. Macor, N. (2014). The New Privacy Act: Six Months On. Viewed at: https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/CommsLawB/2014/16.pdf. Accessed on 25th August 2017. OAIC, (2014). Privacy fact sheet 24: How changes to privacy law affect you. Viewed at: https://www.oaic.gov.au/individuals/privacy-fact-sheets/general/privacy-fact-sheet-24-how-changes-to-privacy-law-affect-you. Accessed on 25th August 2017. OAIC, (2015). Cross-border disclosure of personal information. Viewed at: https://www.oaic.gov.au/agencies-and-organisations/app-guidelines/chapter-8-app-8-cross-border-disclosure-of-personal-information. Accessed on 25th August 2017. Tobin, G. (2014). Privacy law in Australia: an overview. Viewed at: https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=f508c927-860b-43a4-832a-aabea4169037. Accessed on 25th August 2017.